Rising cases in mammals and trade disruptions prompt urgent actions

The global resurgence of avian influenza is causing significant disruptions in ecosystems, trade, and poses potential public health risks. Recent reports highlight the virus's expanding reach, affecting not only birds but also an increasing number of mammalian species.

Global Spread and Impact

The World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) reports a worrying increase in bird flu outbreaks, with cases in mammals more than doubling in 2024. This surge has led to over 82.1 million poultry losses. The virus is no longer confined to specific regions or seasons, affecting a wide array of species worldwide. Particularly concerning is the situation in the United States, where the virus has spilled over into humans, resulting in 67 confirmed cases and one fatality.

Trade and Market Implications

The widespread nature of the virus has significant implications for international trade. Brazil, a major poultry exporter, recently suspended exports to the European Union following an outbreak, losing its status as 'free of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza.' Such disruptions highlight the need for stringent biosecurity measures and active surveillance. The European Union is actively monitoring and enhancing surveillance, particularly in light of outbreaks in mammals beyond birds, such as the recent incident in U.S. dairy cattle.

Vaccination Efforts

In response to the escalating crisis, vaccination is gaining traction as a viable strategy. France has initiated a nationwide vaccination campaign for ducks, significantly reducing outbreak numbers. Finland has pioneered human vaccinations, targeting those at higher risk, such as poultry workers. These efforts underscore the importance of comprehensive strategies that include both traditional control measures and innovative approaches like vaccination.

Challenges and Future Outlook

Despite these efforts, gaps in surveillance and preparedness remain a concern, particularly in Europe. Countries like Hungary and Poland have faced challenges in implementing effective biosecurity measures. Experts emphasise the need for improved early warning systems and strategic dialogue with the poultry industry to enhance resilience against future outbreaks. As the virus continues to evolve, the global community must remain vigilant to prevent a potential pandemic.

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